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Productivity (linguistics)
In linguistics, productivity is the degree to which native speakers use a particular grammatical process, especially in word formation. It compares grammatical processes that are 'modern' to more 'unfashionable' ones. Generally the test of productivity concerns which grammatical forms would be used with newly coined words: these will tend to only be converted to other forms using productive processes.
==Examples in English==
In standard English, the formation of preterite and past participle forms of verbs by means of ablaut (for example, ''sing''–''sang''–''sung'') is no longer considered productive. Newly coined verbs in English overwhelmingly use the 'weak' (regular) ending ''-ed'' for the past tense and past participle (for example, ''spammed'', ''e-mailed''). Similarly, the only clearly productive plural ending is ''-(e)s''; it is found on the vast majority of English count nouns and is used to form the plurals of neologisms, such as ''FAQs'' and ''Muggles''. The ending ''-en'', on the other hand, is no longer productive, being found only in ''oxen'', ''children'', and the now-rare ''brethren''. Because these old forms can sound incorrect to modern ears, regularization can wear away at them until they are no longer used: ''brethren'' has now been replaced with the more regular-sounding ''brothers'' except when talking about religious orders. It appears that many strong verbs were completely lost during the transition from Old English to Middle English, possibly because they sounded archaic or were simply no longer truly understood.
In both cases, however, occasional exceptions have occurred. A false analogy with other verbs caused ''dug'' to become thought of as the 'correct' preterite and past participle form of ''dig'' (the conservative King James Bible preferred ''digged'' in 1611) and more recent examples, like ''snuck'' from ''sneak'' and ''dove'' from ''dive'', have similarly become popular. In the hacker sociolect, the plural ''-en'' also became at least ephemerally productive for words ending with (on the analogy of ''ox'':''oxen''), as illustrated by the plurals ''boxen'', ''VAXen'', ''unixen'' and ''emacsen''. These recent examples, however, are exceptions: generally created for humorous effect, they have mostly not entered the mainstream language or become thought of as correct. In addition, some names of fictional species and races have used identical singular and plural, such as Pokémon and individual species of them (e.g. ''one Pokémon'', ''two Pokémon'', ''one Treecko'', ''two Treecko'') and the Chao from the ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' games.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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